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@incollection{kratzer91,
	Author = {Angelika Kratzer},
	Booktitle = {Semantics: An International Handbook of Contemporary Research},
	Date-Added = {2009-10-15 14:06:42 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-10-15 14:26:20 -0400},
	Editor = {Arnim von Stechow and Dieter Wunderlich},
	Publisher = {de Gruyter},
	Title = {Modality},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{villalta08,
	Author = {Villalta, E.},
	Journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {467--522},
	Publisher = {Springer},
	Title = {{Mood and gradability: An investigation of the subjunctive mood in Spanish}},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2008}}

@book{portner09,
	Author = {Portner, P.},
	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	Title = {{Modality}},
	Year = {2009}}

@book{horn89,
	Author = {Horn, L.},
	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	Title = {{A Natural History of Negation}},
	Year = {1989}}

@book{labov72,
	Author = {Labov, W.},
	Publisher = {University of Pennsylvania Press},
	Title = {{Sociolinguistic patterns}},
	Year = {1972}
}

@article{kripke63,
	Author = {Kripke, S.},
	Journal = {Acta philosophica fennica},
	Number = {1963},
	Pages = {83-94},
	Title = {{Semantical considerations on modal logic}},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {1963}
}

@article{fara00,
	Author = {Fara, D. Graff},
	Journal = {Philosophical Topics},
	Pages = {45--81},
	Publisher = {Citeseer},
	Title = {{Shifting sands: An interest-relative theory of vagueness}},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2000}
}

@article{frazeebeaver10,
  Author = {J. Frazee and D. Beaver}, 
  Title = {{Vagueness is rational under uncertainty}},
  Journal = {\emph{To appear in} Proceedings of the 17th Amsterdam Colloquium},
  Year={2010}
}

@article{heim85,
	Author = {Heim, I.},
	Journal = {\emph{Ms., University of Texas, Austin}},
	Title = {{Notes on comparatives and related matters}},
	Year = {1985}}

@article{chomsky77,
	Author = {Chomsky, N.},
	Journal = {Formal syntax},
	Publisher = {Eds. P. Culicover, T. Wasow \& A. Akmajian. New York: Academic Press},
	Title = {{On \emph{wh}-movement}},
	Volume = {132},
	Year = {1977}}

@article{barker02,
	Author = {Barker, C.},
	Journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1--36},
	Publisher = {Springer},
	Title = {{The dynamics of vagueness}},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{barker09,
	Author = {Barker, C.},
	Journal = {Mind and Language},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {253--273},
	Title = {{Clarity and the grammar of skepticism}},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2009}}

@article{cohen99,
	Author = {Cohen, A.},
	Journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
	Pages = {221--253},
	Title = {{Generics, frequency adverbs and probability}},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {1999}}

@book{bartschvennemann73,
	Author = {Bartsch, R. and Vennemann, T.},
	Publisher = {Athen{\"a}um},
	Title = {{Semantic structures: a study in the relation between semantics and syntax}},
	Year = {1973}}

@book{kratzer10,
	Author = {Kratzer, A.},
	Publisher = {Oxford University Press (To Appear)},
	Title = {{Modality and Conditionals}},
	Year = {2010}}

@book{lewis73,
	Author = {Lewis, D.},
	Publisher = {Harvard University Press},
	Title = {{Counterfactuals}},
	Year = {1973}}

@article{rennie70,
	Author = {Rennie, M. K.},
	Journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik},
	Pages = {175-186},
	Title = {{Models for Multiply Modal Systems}},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {1970}}

@article{goble70,
	Author = {Goble, L.F.},
	Journal = {Logique et Analyse},
	Pages = {323-334},
	Title = {{Grades of modality}},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {1970}}

@conference{pacuitsalame04,
	Author = {Pacuit, E. and Salame, S.},
	Booktitle = {Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, KR},
	Pages = {598-605},
	Title = {{Majority logic}},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{fine72,
	Author = {Fine, K.},
	Journal = {Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {516-520},
	Title = {{In so many possible worlds}},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {1972}}

@article{fine75,
  title={{Vagueness, truth and logic}},
  author={Fine, K.},
  journal={Synthese},
  volume={30},
  number={3},
  pages={265--300},
  year={1975},
  publisher={Springer}
}

@article{kennedymcnally05,
	Author = {Kennedy, C. and McNally, L.},
	Journal = {Language},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {345-381},
	Title = {{Scale structure, degree modification, and the semantics of gradable predicates}},
	Volume = {81},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{teigen88,
	Author = {Teigen, K. H.},
	Journal = {Acta Psychologica},
	Pages = {157--174},
	Title = {{When are low-probability events judged to be `probable'? Effects of outcome-set characteristics on verbal probability estimates}},
	Volume = {68},
	Year = {1988}}

@incollection{kratzer81,
	Author = {Angelika Kratzer},
	Book = {Words, worlds, and contexts: new approaches in word semantics},
	Booktitle = {Words, worlds, and contexts: new approaches in word semantics},
	Date-Added = {2009-10-15 14:04:55 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-10-15 14:25:53 -0400},
	Editor = {Hans-J{\"u}rgen Eikmeyer and Hannes Rieser},
	Pages = {38-74},
	Publisher = {de Gruyter},
	Title = {The notional category of modality},
	Year = {1981}}

@incollection{ramsey26,
	Author = {Ramsey, F.P.},
	Booktitle = {The Foundations of Mathematics and other Logical Essays},
	Pages = {156--198},
	Title = {{Truth and probability}},
	Year = {1926}}

@book{halpern03,
	Author = {Halpern, J.},
	Publisher = {MIT Press},
	Title = {{Reasoning about Uncertainty}},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{halpern97,
	Author = {Halpern, J.Y.},
	Journal = {Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research},
	Pages = {1--24},
	Title = {{Defining relative likelihood in partially-ordered preferential structures}},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {1997}}

@article{rotsteinwinter04,
	Author = {Rotstein, C. and Winter, Y.},
	Journal = {Natural Language Semantics},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {259--288},
	Publisher = {Springer},
	Title = {{Total adjectives vs. partial adjectives: Scale structure and higher-order modifiers}},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2004}}

@incollection{cresswell76,
	Author = {Cresswell, M.J.},
	Booktitle = {Montague grammar},
	Editor = {B. Partee},
	Pages = {261--292},
	Publisher = {Academic Press},
	Title = {{The semantics of degree}},
	Year = {1976}}

@phdthesis{kennedy97,
	Author = {Kennedy, C.},
	School = {U.C., Santa Cruz},
	Title = {{Projecting the adjective: The syntax and semantics of gradability and comparison}},
	Year = {1997}}

@book{landman91,
	Author = {Landman, F.},
	Date-Added = {2009-06-17 22:38:07 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-06-19 10:44:57 -0400},
	Publisher = {Dordrecht: Kluwer},
	Title = {Structures for Semantics},
	Year = {1991}}

@book{szabolcsi97,
	Author = {Szabolcsi, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-06-15 20:42:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-06-19 10:45:09 -0400},
	Publisher = {Dordrecht: Kluwer},
	Title = {{Ways of scope taking}},
	Year = {1997}}

@book{rizzi90,
	Author = {Rizzi, L.},
	Date-Added = {2009-06-15 20:37:03 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-06-19 10:44:42 -0400},
	Publisher = {Cambridge, MA: MIT Press},
	Title = {{Relativized Minimality}},
	Year = {1990}}

@incollection{smith10,
  author={Smith, N.},
  title={Degree of belief is expected truth value},
  booktitle={{Cuts and Clouds: Vaguenesss, Its Nature and Its Logic}},
  editor={Dietz, R. and Moruzzi, S.},
  year={2010},
  publisher={Oxford University Press}
}

@article{schiffer02,
  title={{Vagueness and Partial Belief}},
  author={Schiffer, S.},
  journal={No{\^u}s},
  volume={34},
  number={1},
  pages={220--257},
  year={2002},
  publisher={John Wiley \& Sons}
}

@phdthesis{rullmann95,
	Author = {Rullmann, H.},
	School = {University of Massachusetts, Amherst},
	Title = {{Maximality in the Semantics of wh-constructions}},
	Year = {1995}}

@phdthesis{groenendijkstokhof84,
	Author = {Groenendijk, J. and Stokhof, M.},
	School = {University of Amsterdam},
	Title = {{Studies in the Semantics of Questions and the Pragmatics of Answers}},
	Year = {1984}}

@article{vonfinteliatridou03,
  title={{Epistemic containment}},
  author={von Fintel, K. and Iatridou, S.},
  journal={Linguistic Inquiry},
  volume={34},
  number={2},
  pages={173--198},
  year={2003},
  publisher={MIT Press}
}

@incollection{lakoff71,
	Author = {Lakoff, G.},
	Booktitle = {Semantics: An Interdisciplinary Reader in Philosophy, Linguistics and Psychology},
	Editor = {Steinberg, D. D. and Jakobovits, L. A.},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {{On generative semantics}},
	Year = {1971}}

@article{kadmonlandman93,
	Author = {Kadmon, N. and Landman, F.},
	Journal = {Linguistics and philosophy},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {353--422},
	Publisher = {Springer},
	Title = {{Any}},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {1993}}

@article{kroch89,
	Author = {Kroch, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-06-15 20:34:38 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-06-19 10:42:28 -0400},
	Journal = {\emph{Ms., University of Pennsylvania}},
	Title = {{Amount quantification, referentiality, and long wh-movement}},
	Year = {1989}}

@phdthesis{hackl00,
	Author = {Hackl, M.},
	School = {MIT},
	Title = {{Comparative quantifiers}},
	Year = {2000}}

@conference{nouwen09,
	Author = {Nouwen, R.},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th Amsterdam Colloquium},
	Pages = {326-334},
	Title = {{Two puzzles about requirements}},
	Year = {2009}}

@incollection{sauerlandstateva07,
  author={Sauerland, U. and Stateva, P.},
  title={Scalar vs. epistemic vagueness: Evidence from approximators},
  booktitle={Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory XVII},
  editor={M. Gibson and T. Friedman},
  publisher={CLC Publications, Cornell University},
  year={2007}
}

@article{foxhackl06,
	Author = {Fox, D. and Hackl, M.},
	Date-Added = {2009-06-15 20:32:50 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-06-15 20:32:56 -0400},
	Journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {537--586},
	Publisher = {Springer},
	Title = {{The universal density of measurement}},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{heim06,
	Author = {Heim, I.},
	Date-Added = {2009-06-15 20:31:45 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-06-15 20:31:57 -0400},
	Journal = {\emph{Ms., MIT}},
	Title = {{Remarks on comparative clauses as generalized quantifiers}},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{szabolcsizwarts93,
	Author = {Szabolcsi, A. and Zwarts, F.},
	Date-Added = {2009-06-15 20:30:47 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-06-19 17:17:51 -0400},
	Journal = {Natural Language Semantics},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {235-284},
	Publisher = {Springer},
	Title = {Weak islands and an algebraic semantics for scope taking},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {1993}}

@book{dayal96,
	Author = {Dayal, V.},
	Date-Added = {2009-06-15 20:29:03 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-06-19 10:43:42 -0400},
	Publisher = {Dordrecht: Kluwer},
	Title = {{Locality in wh-quantification}},
	Year = {1996}}

@article{bhattpancheva04,
	Author = {Bhatt, R. and Pancheva, R.},
	Date-Added = {2009-06-15 20:27:42 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-06-15 20:27:51 -0400},
	Journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1--45},
	Publisher = {MIT Press},
	Title = {{Late merger of degree clauses}},
	Volume = {35},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{beckrullmann99,
	Author = {Beck, S. and Rullmann, H.},
	Date-Added = {2009-06-15 20:26:58 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-06-15 20:28:32 -0400},
	Journal = {Natural Language Semantics},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {249--298},
	Title = {{A flexible approach to exhaustivity in questions}},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {1999}}

@phdthesis{abrusan07,
	Author = {Abrus{\'a}n, M{\'a}rta},
	School = {MIT},
	Title = {{Contradiction and Grammar}},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{syrettetal09,
	Author = {Syrett, K. and Kennedy, C. and Lidz, J.},
	Journal = {Journal of Semantics},
        Volume = {27},
        Pages = {1--35},
	Title = {{Meaning and context in children's understanding of gradable adjectives}},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{kyburgmorreau00,
	Author = {Kyburg, A. and Morreau, M.},
	Journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {577--597},
	Publisher = {Springer},
	Title = {{Fitting words: Vague language in context}},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{grim05,
  title={{The buried quantifier: An account of vagueness and the sorites}},
  author={Grim, P.},
  journal={Analysis},
  volume={65},
  number={2},
  pages={95},
  year={2005}
}

@conference{levinson03,
	Author = {Levinson, D.},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory XIII},
	Title = {{Probabilistic Model-theoretic Semantics for \emph{want}.}},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{lassiter10a,
	Author = {Lassiter, D.},
	Journal = {\emph{To appear in} Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory XX},
	Title = {{Gradable Epistemic Modals, Probability, and Scale Structure}},
        Editor={N. Li and D. Lutz},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{lassiter10b,
	Author = {Lassiter, D.},
	Journal = {University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics},
	Number = {1},
	Title = {Explaining a restriction on the scope of the comparative operator},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2010}}

@phdthesis{lassiter10c,
	Author = {Lassiter, D.},
	School = {New York University (In Preparation)},
	Title = {{Measurement and Modality}},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{sapir44,
	Author = {Sapir, E.},
	Journal = {Philosophy of Science},
	Number = {2},
	Title = {Grading. A study in semantics},
	Volume = {11},
        Pages = {93--116},
	Year = {1944}}

@conference{rett08,
	Author = {Rett, J.},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory XVII},
	Title = {{Antonymy and Evaluativity}},
	Year = {2008}}

@article{schwarzschild04,
	Author = {Schwarzschild, R.},
	Journal = {\emph{Handout from MIT colloquium, available http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/$\sim$tapuz/MIT04.pdf}},
	Title = {{Scope-splitting in the comparative}},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{szabolcsi06,
	Author = {Szabolcsi, A.},
	Date-Added = {2009-06-15 20:38:48 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-06-15 20:39:05 -0400},
	Journal = {Blackwell Companion to Syntax},
	Pages = {479--531},
	Publisher = {Blackwell},
	Title = {{Strong vs. weak islands}},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{schwarzschildwilkinson02,
	Author = {Schwarzschild, R. and Wilkinson, K.},
	Date-Added = {2009-06-15 20:37:53 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-06-15 20:38:02 -0400},
	Journal = {Natural Language Semantics},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1--41},
	Publisher = {Springer},
	Title = {{Quantifiers in comparatives: A semantics of degree based on intervals}},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2002}}

@book{lewis09,
  title={{Network Science: Theory and Applications}},
  author={Lewis, T.G.},
  year={2009},
  publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@book{schelling60,
  title={{The Strategy of Conflict}},
  author={Schelling, T.},
  year={1960},
  publisher={Harvard University Press}
}

@book{grice89,
	Author = {Grice, H. P.},
	Publisher = {Harvard University Press},
	Title = {{Studies in the Way of Words}},
	Year = {1989}}

@article{bickerton71,
  title={{Inherent variability and variable rules}},
  author={Bickerton, D.},
  journal={Foundations of Language},
  pages={457--492},
  year={1971},
  publisher={D. Reidel Publishing Company}
}

@article{takahashi06,
	Author = {Takahashi, S.},
	Date-Added = {2009-06-15 20:23:41 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-06-15 20:43:25 -0400},
	Journal = {Natural Language Semantics},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {57--101},
	Publisher = {Springer},
	Title = {More than two quantifiers},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2006}}

@incollection{heim01,
	Author = {Irene Heim},
	Booktitle = {Audiatur Vox Sapientiae: A Festschrift for Arnim von Stechow},
	Date-Added = {2009-06-15 19:29:59 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2009-06-15 19:31:55 -0400},
	Editor = {Fery and Sternefeld},
	Publisher = {Berlin: Akademie Verlag},
	Title = {Degree operators and scope},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{bartschvennemann72,
	Author = {Bartsch, R. and Vennemann, T.},
	Journal = {Linguistische Berichte},
	Pages = {19-32},
	Publisher = {Springer},
	Title = {{The grammar of relative adjectives and comparison}},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {1972}}

@article{vonstechow84,
	Author = {von Stechow, A.},
	Journal = {Journal of Semantics},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1-77},
	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	Title = {{Comparing semantic theories of comparison}},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {1984}}

@book{williamson00,
  title={{Knowledge and its Limits}},
  author={Williamson, T.},
  year={200},
  publisher={Oxford University Press}
}

@article{williamson99,
  title={{Schiffer on the epistemic theory of vagueness}},
  author={Williamson, T.},
  journal={No{\^u}s},
  volume={33},
  pages={505--517},
  year={1999}
}

@phdthesis{swanson06,
	Author = {Swanson, E.},
	School = {MIT},
	Title = {{Interactions With Context}},
	Year = {2006}}

@phdthesis{sassoon07,
	Author = {Sassoon, W.G.},
	School = {Tel Aviv University},
	Title = {{Vagueness, Gradability and Typicality, A Comprehensive semantic analysis}},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{bresnan73,
	Author = {Bresnan, J.W.},
	Journal = {Linguistic inquiry},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {275--343},
	Publisher = {The MIT Press},
	Title = {{Syntax of the comparative clause construction in English}},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {1973}}

@article{bresnan75,
	Author = {Bresnan, J.},
	Journal = {Linguistic Analysis},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {25--74},
	Title = {{Comparative deletion and constraints on transformations}},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {1975}}

@incollection{labov04,
	Author = {Labov, W.},
	Booktitle = {Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik: An international handbook of the science of language and society},
	Title = {{Quantitative reasoning in linguistics}},
	Year = {2004}}

@book{williamson94,
  title={{Vagueness}},
  author={Williamson, T.},
  year={1996},
  publisher={Routledge}
}

@incollection{guy80,
	Author = {Guy, G.},
	Booktitle = {Locating Language in Time and Space},
	Editor = {William Labov},
	Pages = {1--36},
	Publisher = {Academic Press},
	Title = {{Variation in the group and the individual: The case of final stop deletion}},
	Year = {1980}}

@incollection{payne80,
	Author = {Payne, A.C.},
	Booktitle = {Locating Language in Time and Space},
	Editor = {William Labov},
	Publisher = {Academic Press},
	Title = {{Factors controlling the acquisition of the Philadelphia dialect by out-of-state children}},
	Year = {1980}}

@incollection{stalnaker78,
  title={{Assertion}},
  author={Stalnaker, R.},
  booktitle={Syntax and Semantics 9: Pragmatics},
 editor={P. Cole},
 publisher={Academic Press},
  year={1978}
}

@book{stalnaker84,
  title={{Inquiry}},
  author={Stalnaker, R.},
  year={1984},
  publisher={MIT Press}
}

@article{stalnaker04,
  title={{Assertion revisited: On the interpretation of two-dimensional modal semantics}},
  author={Stalnaker, R.},
  journal={Philosophical Studies},
  volume={118},
  number={1},
  pages={299--322},
  year={2004},
  publisher={Springer}
}

@article{stalnaker02,
  title={{Common ground}},
  author={Stalnaker, R.},
  journal={Linguistics and Philosophy},
  volume={25},
  number={5},
  pages={701--721},
  year={2002},
  publisher={Springer}
}

@article{stalnaker98,
  title={{On the representation of context}},
  author={Stalnaker, R.},
  journal={Journal of Logic, Language and Information},
  volume={7},
  number={1},
  pages={3--19},
  year={1998},
  publisher={Springer}
}

@book{labov94,
	Author = {Labov, W.},
	Publisher = {Blackwell},
	Title = {{Principles of Linguistic Change, volume 1: Internal Factors}},
	Year = {1994}}

@book{labov01,
	Author = {Labov, W.},
	Publisher = {Blackwell},
	Title = {{Principles of Linguistic Change, volume 2: Social Factors}},
	Year = {2001}}

@book{milroy80,
	Author = {Milroy, L.},
	Publisher = {Blackwell},
	Title = {{Language and Social Networks}},
	Year = {1980}}

@book{goyal07,
	Author = {Goyal, S.},
	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	Title = {{Connections: An Introduction to the Economics of Networks}},
	Year = {2007}}

@book{young01,
	Author = {Young, H.P.},
	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	Title = {{Individual Strategy and Social Structure: An Evolutionary Theory of Institutions}},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{milroys92,
	Author = {Milroy, L. and Milroy, J.},
	Journal = {Language in society},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1--26},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {{Social network and social class: Toward an integrated sociolinguistic model}},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {1992}}

@incollection{sankoff88,
	Author = {Sankoff, D.},
	Editor = {Newmeyer, F.},
	Journal = {Language: The Socio-Cultural Context},
	Pages = {140},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {{Sociolinguistics and syntactic variation}},
	Year = {1988}}

@book{skyrms04,
	Author = {Skyrms, B.},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {{The Stag Hunt and the Evolution of Social Structure}},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{lewis70,
  title={{General semantics}},
  author={Lewis, D.},
  journal={Synthese},
  volume={22},
  number={1},
  pages={18--67},
  year={1970}
}

@article{schiffer00,
  title={Vagueness and Partial Belief.},
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@incollection{klein91,
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