Reviewed by Mikael Thompson, Bloomington, IN

This book presents ten articles on the phonological consequences of phonetic features of obstruents. Obstruents are characterized by turbulent sound, which makes their acoustic description difficult: the random noise produced by turbulence makes it hard to find invariant spectral features compared to speech sounds produced by laminar air flow.

Three articles treat obstruents crosslinguistically. ‘An overview of the phonology of obstruents’ (1–36) by T.A. Hall and Marzena Żygis discusses the distinctive features used to characterize obstruents versus sonorants and provides a survey of phonological processes affecting obstruents. John J. Ohala and Maria-Josep Solé’s ‘Turbulence and phonology’ (37–101) argues that aerodynamic constraints on obstruents explain many common sound changes and typological patterns involving obstruents. ‘Formant-cavity affiliation in sibilant fricatives’ (343–74) by Martine Toda, Shinji Maeda, and Kiyoshi Honda analyzes the acoustics of sibilants theoretically and compares this with instrumental and MRI studies of Polish sibilants.

Five articles discuss obstruents in specific languages. ‘A phonetic approach to the phonology of v: A case study from Hungarian and Slovak’ (103–42) by Zsuzsanna Bárkányi and Zoltán Kiss presents a production study of the realization of /v/ in various environments in Hungarian and Slovak that confirms predictions from aerodynamic constraints on voiced fricatives. Hyunsoon Kim, Shinji Maeda, Kiyoshi Honda, and Stephane Haas’s ‘The laryngeal characterization of Korean fricatives: Acoustic and aerodynamic data’ (143–66) complements a recent article by the first three authors on a stroboscopic cine-MRI study of the Korean lenis and fortis dental fricatives /s/ and /s’/.

‘Preaspiration as a correlate of word-final voice in Scottish English fricatives’ (167–207) by Olga B. Gordeeva and James M. Scobbie is an instrumental study of the tendency of speakers of certain dialects of Scottish English to preaspirate voiceless fricatives using a battery of acoustic measures. Two articles, ‘Phonetic characteristics of ejectives—samples from Caucasian languages’ (209–44) by Sven Grawunder, Adrian Simpson, and Madzhid Khalilov and ‘Tongue body and tongue root shape differences in N|uu clicks correlate with phonotactic patterns’ (245–79) by Amanda L. Miller, present interesting data on unusual, less-studied speech sounds.

Finally, two articles discuss sociolinguistic and clinical aspects of obstruents. In ‘Do differences in male versus female /s/ reflect biological or sociophonetic factors?’ (281–302), Susanne Fuchs and Martine Toda conclude from a study of the pronunciation of /s/ by German and English speakers that both biological and sociolinguistic factors are involved. ‘Producing turbulent speech sounds in the context of cleft palate’ (303–41) by Fiona E. Gibbon and Alice Lee provides an overview for clinicians of speech mechanisms for obstruents in individuals with cleft palates.

This book will be of interest to phoneticians and to phonologists interested in the relation of formal analyses of speech sounds to their physical bases, and it is strongly recommended to those readers.

Reviewed by Kanavillil Rajagopalan, State University at Campinas, Brazil

Produced loose-leaf in a 3-ring binder to accompany the familiar bound manual (originally compiled by Verschueren, Östman, Jan Blommaert, and Chris Bulcaen in 1995), this is the 2010 installment of the Handbook of pragmatics. This work has consistently been a major source of authoritative information on ongoing research in practically all areas concerning linguistic pragmatics. The present installment presents a total of sixteen new entries. Alongside such familiar topics as ‘code switching’, ‘intensional logic’, and ‘language change’ are general topics like ‘cognitive psychology’, ‘philosophy of mind’, and ‘psycholinguistics’. Additionally, there are also interesting (and perhaps overdue) novelties such as ‘deconstruction’, ‘agency and language’, and ‘contextualism’. Entries on J. R. Firth and Ludwig Wittgenstein perhaps fall under the category of yawning gaps in the earlier installments.

The sixteen entries also vary among themselves in size and in breadth and depth of treatment. While the entry on deconstruction runs to nine pages, the chapter on psycholinguistics takes up a whopping ninety-eight pages. (Naturally, the latter reads like a book-length treatment of the topic, while the former seems only a rushed, bare-bones crib.) The entry titled ‘Agency and language’ (twenty-five pages long) introduces this important theme, distinguishing this rather slippery concept from ‘free will’ on the one hand and ‘resistance’ on the other. It also provides important food for thought for more advanced researchers, especially those who see language as a form of social practice, by goading them into academic militancy.

The entry titled ‘Language ideologies – evolving perspectives’ (running into twenty-four pages) succinctly brings out some the intricacies of this overworked and often haphazardly handled concept and underscores the importance of being attentive to its workings in the very act of thinking about language. The entry on J. R. Firth does an enormous good by highlighting the important work of this great British linguist and his impact, not only on succeeding generations of scholars but on the very area of research called ‘Pragmatics’ that, the author reminds us, ‘developed as a reaction against Chomsky’s autonomous view of language’ (20–21). On the other hand, while the entry on Ludwig Wittgenstein details the Austrian thinker’s life, it does little to bring out his relevance to contemporary concerns apart from a rapid comparison to J. L. Austin’s work on speech acts, apparently solely to draw attention to the greater relevance of Wittgenstein’s thought to linguistic anthropology and ethnolinguistics.

On the whole, however, the 2010 installment is a useful addition to the Handbook and is destined to be a publishing success.

Reviewed by Mikael Thompson, Bloomington, IN

Richard Ogden’s textbook introduces phonetics on a level appropriate to advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students using examples drawn exclusively from varieties of English. ‘It is not a complete description of any one variety; rather, my intention has been to try to provide enough of a descriptive phonetic framework so that readers can describe their own variety in reasonable detail’ (xi). While providing a thorough survey of English segmental phonetics, prosodic features are largely excluded.

After a brief introductory chapter, Ch. 2, ‘Overview of the human speech mechanism’ (7–19), introduces the anatomy of speech production, including voice production and the manner and place of articulation of consonants. Ch. 3, ‘Representing the sounds of speech’ (20–38), discusses phonetic transcription and sound spectrographs. Detailed discussion of the sounds of speech begins in Ch. 4, ‘The larynx, voicing and voice quality’ (40–55), which covers voicing, fundamental frequency, intonation, and voice quality.

The remainder of the book discusses the major classes of sounds: vowels (Ch. 5, 56–77), approximants (Ch. 6, 78–95), plosives (Ch. 7, 96–117), fricatives (Ch. 8, 118–37), nasals (Ch. 9, 138–53), and finally glottalic and velaric consonants (Ch. 10, 154–69); affricates are discussed in both Chs. 7 and 8. Following a short conclusion are a glossary and discussion of the exercises. Although the chapters are relatively short, they contain a great amount of information presented clearly and thoroughly.

This book does not cover the physics of speech production or many important details of instrumental phonetics: e.g. the ‘velar pinch’ is only briefly touched upon in a discussion of [ŋ] (143) and representative release-burst frequencies of plosives are only mentioned in a discussion of clicks (156–57). Moreover, instructors will need to correct a handful of errors: the caption to Fig. 3.6 is wrong (35), pitch contours are mislabeled in two examples (46), and a discussion of dialectal variation in the pronunciation of ‘finger’ vs. ‘singer’ is marred by transcribing [ŋg] throughout (146).

However, these are minor faults weighed against many virtues of the book. O’s discussions of degrees of broadness in transcription and the principles of the international phonetic alphabet (IPA), a detailed summary of vowel variation in five major English dialects, secondary articulations in liquids and plosives, and correlates of voicing in fricatives are especially noteworthy. The sociolinguistic discussions of particular points (e.g. certain intonation patterns, voice quality, glottalization, and ejectives) are handled well and are welcome in an introductory phonetics textbook. There are relatively few exercises, but they are well-chosen. This is a superb textbook that could be used equally well in introductory phonetics classes or classes on the varieties of English.

Reviewed by Kanavillil Rajagopalan, State University at Campinas, Brazil

This is the sixth in the nine-volume series, Handbooks of pragmatics. In their series introduction, Wolfram Bublitz, Andreas H. Jucker, and Klaus P. Schneider note that the volume is unified by an interactional perspective on pragmatics common to the contributors. Although the term pragmatics was put into circulation by semioticians like C. S. Peirce and C. Morris, it was only by the late 1960s and early 1970s that linguists ‘took note of the term and began referring to performance phenomena and, subsequently, to ideas developed and advanced by Wittgenstein, Ryle, Austin and other ordinary language philosophers’ (v).

In their introduction Locher and Graham highlight divergent interests within pragmatics and some uncertainty in its core concerns. They follow Jef Verschueren, for whom pragmatics has to do with ‘[a] general functional perspective on (any aspect of) language, i.e. as an approach to language which takes into account the full complexity of its cognitive, social, and cultural (i.e. meaningful) functioning in the lives of human beings’ (1).

The body of the volume is made up of seventeen chapters divided into three parts: ‘Theoretical approaches to interpersonal pragmatics’, ‘Linguistic strategies for interpersonal effects’, and ‘Interpersonal issues in different contexts’. Part 1 in turn presents its chapters under the headings ‘Approaches to politeness and impoliteness’ (4), ‘Approaches to interpersonal interpretation drawn from communication studies and social cognitive linguistics’ (2), and ‘Identity and gender’ (2). Parts 2 and 3 comprise four and five chapters each.

Politeness is a central concern of this volume. Maria Sifianou, Richard Watts, and Deek Bousfield look at the broader questions of the foundations of the theory of politeness, definitional issues, and future directions of research in their separate contributions, while Shigeko Okamoto zeroes in on aspects of politeness in East Asia. Robert Arundale’s chapter ‘Relating’ and Andreas Langlotz’s ‘Social cognition’ make up the second section, and Anna De Fina’s ‘The negotiation of identities’ and Louise Mullany’s ‘Gender and interpersonal pragmatics’ constitute the third.

The four chapters of Part 2 are ‘Mitigation’, ‘Respect and deference’, ‘Swearing’, and ‘Humour’. Finally, Part 3 is comprised of five chapters dealing with interpersonal issues in the workplace, courts of law, medical settings, political discourse, and dating advertisements.

The volume offers the reader a broad spectrum of work by scholars currently working in interpersonal pragmatics. But the authors also provide an in-depth treatment of the topics sure to stimulate further research.

Reviewed by Kanavillil Rajagopalan, State University at Campinas, Brazil

There is much more than straightforward lexical borrowing taking place in languages across the world as a result of ongoing interlingual and intercultural contact. One also witnesses ‘tendencies in construction of texts inspired by a process of creating a larger communicative sphere than is one language and culture’ (v). Curiously though, writes Krčmová, integration and disintegration are but two sides of the same coin. Even with clear tendencies to homogenization, one should not ignore the equally clear signs of a yearning for self-affirmation.

However, the title promises a good deal more than the book actually delivers. Most of the articles deal with the linguistic reality of Europe, with a heavy emphasis on Eastern Europe. The aim of ‘integrating the world’ is too grand for a book that passes over in silence the continents of Asia, Africa, Oceania, and the Americas. This may be due to the fact that the present volume is an updated version of a Czech volume published in Prague shortly before. The editor notes that for the revised edition ‘other co-authors [were invited], not only from the Czech Republic, but from Slovakia, Germany, England, Italy and Spain’ (vi).

The articles that make up this volume appear in two sections of unequal sizes. The first, ‘Languages and their fates’, consists of six articles, the second, ‘Integration in language and communication’, twice that. The articles in the first section present some interesting case studies, like that of integration and disintegration in a Brno sociolect, the problems faced by minority languages such as Sorbs/Wends in Germany, and the Friulian language in Italy, as well as challenges to identity encountered by Bulgarian Pomaks and Galician speakers in Spain.

The articles of the second section predominantly take a broad-brush view of such topics as intralanguage and interlanguage integration, integration from the perspective of areal linguistics, stylistic analysis of film reviews, aspects of integration in languages and linguistic concepts, matchmaking advertisements and societal values, and the history of language contact over the past millennium. But there are also a few articles that take an in-depth look at e.g. discourse markers in Czech and English, differences in tobacco product health warnings between the two languages, and contacts between Slavic and Arab cultures.

On the whole, the articles are of a high standard and contain impressive insights, which in a sense makes up for the exaggerated claim in the title of the volume. There are important lessons to be learned from each of the case studies as well as the broad brush overviews, which, as the readers will verify for themselves, have significant similarities to linguistic realities elsewhere in the world.

Reviewed by Martín Ocón-Gamarra, University of Georgia

This book is a collection of articles and studies primarily related to Meso-American languages in the territory of Mexico. All of them concern the work of the renowned Mexican linguist Dr. Yolanda Lastra, to whom the book pays homage. There are four sections. The introductory first section presents Lastra’s professional biography. The remaining three sections collect studies on indigenous languages, Spanish in contact with these languages, and sociolinguistics.

The first section presents the first article by Pedro Martín Butragueño, which describes Lastra’s academic background and professional development in linguistics: undergraduate studies in Mexico, graduate studies in the United States, and subsequent research on Bolivian Quechua.

The second section, on indigenous languages, includes ten articles and studies by different authors that treat native North American languages, such as Southern Uto-Aztecan (ca. 1,600,000 speakers), Otomi (ca. 250,000), Purepecha (ca. 100,000), and Hopi (ca. 5,000). Most of these studies of less widely-spread Meso-American languages describe some interesting linguistic phenomena, such as the native numbering systems affected by Spanish loanwords and structural alternations, the description of the phonological systems of southern Uto-Aztecan in view of language universals, and contact-related phenomena.

The third section is about either Spanish itself or Spanish in contact with native languages. Among the first group are articles on pragmatic and semantic issues, such as the use of the discourse marker dizque in Mexico to express that somebody else has previously stated a determined sentence, morphological issues like subject-verb agreement, and lexical and sociolinguistic issues like soccer terminology used by Mexican women.

Among the articles on Spanish in contact with other languages, two describe convergence between Spanish and Uto-Aztecan and Spanish and Mazahuan. Note that these selections assume greater familiarity with the languages depicted in this book than many non-Mexican linguists would be likely to possess. Basic information about the approximate number of current speakers for each of those languages and a map showing the regional distribution of them might have been helpful.

The last section includes sociolinguistic studies of, e.g. the Spanish-Guarani bilingual situation in Paraguay, historical descriptions of the first contacts between Spanish and native American languages, the multilingual situation of Mexico, and an article by Una Canger entitled ‘Learning a second language first revisitado’, which describes the unique bilingual case of a community in Coatepec, Mexico, where children only speak Spanish until they reach adulthood and later become bilingual in Spanish and Nawa, their native tongue.

Reviewed by Lucas Bietti, Center for Interdisciplinary Memory Research, Kulturwissenschaftliches Institut Essen

Peter Harder’s new book is the forty-first volume of the Cognitive linguistics research series edited by Dirk Geeraerts and John R. Taylor for De Gruyter Mouton. This wonderful book is a success on all levels. H covers an extensive range of topics in cognitive linguistics (CL), discursive psychology, conversation analysis, systemic-functional linguistics, and critical discourse studies. The book is divided into nine chapters coherently explaining H’s social and cognitive linguistics approach to the cognitive and social complexities of language use in post-modern societies.

In Ch. 1, H discusses key concepts in CL, such as idealized cognitive models, frames, domains, schemas, and mental spaces, that he claims play a central role in understanding the construction of meaning in language, but acknowledges that they have some overlap and lack clear boundaries. The next chapter complements this review of traditional approaches in CL through an examination of embodied, grounded, and intersubjective features of meaning construction. In Ch. 3, the author explains the important role of critical discourse analysis, as well as its conceptual and methodological limitations, arguing that it takes meaning-making to be the result of social, cultural, and political processes and ignores its cognitive dimension. In Ch. 4, H points out that social practices of meaning-making in the world must be grounded in individual and shared mental representations and cognitive processes in order to exist. He then presents his theory of meaning in mind and society, integrating the social, functional, and cognitive dimensions of meaning-making.

Ch. 5 looks at the relationship between flow and competency. H asserts that competency in language users is first developed by the flow and then, as an ‘input to meaning construction’, generates contextualized output meanings in communicative situations. The next chapter explores the relationship between competency and flow by examining the interaction of linguistic structure, function, and variation in the construction of a multilayered linguistic system.

Ch. 7, which explores how practices of meaning-making are created in society, expands on arguments from Ch. 4 and integrates them with the elements that form a linguistic system presented in Chs. 5 and 6 to provide the theoretical basis for H’s social and cognitive approach to meaning construction. In Ch. 8, H shows the benefits of his integrated approach to meaning-making by analyzing practices of discrimination and racism in Western Europe, and Denmark in particular. Finally, the last chapter gives an extensive summary of the main arguments of the book.

Meaning in mind and society enlists the reader in a cutting-edge attempt to unite the cognitive and social sciences in discourse studies. I recommend this book to everyone interested in cognitive linguistics, sociolinguistics, pragmatics, discourse studies, sociology, anthropology, and cultural studies.

Reviewed by Roberta D’Alessandro, Leiden University

This volume is a collection of selected papers from a conference on phase theory organized by the editor. In the spirit of the conference, the book features leading linguists and promising young scholars discussing cutting-edge issues in syntactic theory. The volume is divided into three parts: ‘Conceptual issues’, ‘Articulatory issues’, and ‘Ordering issues’.

After Kleanthes Grohmann’s extensive introduction to the concepts of phases and interfaces, Wolfram Hinzen’s chapter discusses the possibilities of shaping the language model starting from interface conditions. Hinzen concludes that syntax is not to be considered pure one-dimensional seriation (pure Merge). Merge, hence recursion, is not the distinctive feature of human language; but rather, syntactic hierarchies and the ability to ‘project’ are. Next, Takashi Munakata examines ‘The division of C-I and the nature of the input, multiple transfer, and phases’, proposing that the conceptual-intentional system, usually conceived as unitary, should be considered two distinct systems. Hedde Zeijlstra’s chapter on conflicting interface conditions observes how all parametric variation is governed by Noam Chomsky’s standard minimalist thesis: language is the optimal solution to interface conditions. If these conditions conflict, several optimal solutions become available. Finally, Petr Biskup’s article explores adjunction and condition C of binding theory in a phase-based system.

Part 2 begins with a chapter by Franc Lanko Marušič demonstrating how both reconstruction and quantifier raising, usually believed to constitute a problem for derivational models of syntax, can be performed in a purely derivational system by postulating non-simultaneous Spell-Out to both interfaces. Next, Kayono Shiobara offers a phonological view of phases, showing how phonology calls for a left-to-right structure-building in the computational component. The syntax-phonology interface is also the topic of the third article in this section, in which Anthi Revithiadou and Vassilios Spyropoulos present a case-study of the prosody of clitic-doubled arguments in Greek. Last, in ‘Spelling out prosodic domains’, Yosuke Sato proposes a general syntax-prosody mapping hypothesis.

Part 3 opens with a contribution on the position of postverbal sentential complements in German by Jiro Inaba. It continues with a study of across the board movement, right-node raising, and delayed Spell-Out by Asaf Bachrach and Roni Katzir, in which they propose a reformulation of movement, not a primitive of grammar, in terms of syntactic sharing, or Remerge. Next, Masanori Nakamura presents a generalization on the co-occurrence of ellipsis and movement: if a language allows ellipsis of a certain category in a structure, that category cannot undergo movement. This generalization can be captured by an extended theory of phases. The concluding chapter by Howard Lasnik presents some questions on the reformulation of covert movement in a derivational, Spell-Out based system and opens the way for further advancements (or reformulations) of syntactic theory.

This is a must-read volume for anyone interested in the theory of phases.

Reviewed by Tommi Leung, United Arab Emirates University

This volume explores recent developments in Thomas S. Stroik’s Survive-minimalism (SM) version of the minimalist program and John Frampton and Sam Gutmann’s view that syntax is crash-proof. Part 1 ‘Introduction’ contains two articles describing the basic tenets of SM. Michael T. Putnam and Thomas Stroik’s ‘Traveling without moving: The conceptual necessity of Survive-minimalism’ illustrates the mechanism of SM: derivation is defined by active features in Numeration. Syntax consists of Merge, Survive, and Remerge. Survive signals additional active features, whereas Remerge checks off all remaining active features. Derivation terminates if no active features remain. Thomas Stroik’s ‘The numeration in Survive-minimalism’ discusses Numeration and claims that it is not a lexical array before computation. Instead Numeration is built up step-by-step and becomes the domain for Merge and Remerge.

Part 2 ‘Studies of movement phenomena and structure building in Survive-minimalism’ examines the SM analysis of syntactic movement. Omer Preminger’s ‘Long-distance agreement without Probe-Goal relations’ accounts for English, Hindi-Urdu, and Basque long-distance agreement. He analyzes long-distance agreement as syntactic movement in which the phonological component interprets the moved element at the lower position of the movement chain. Gema Chocano’s ‘Musings on the left periphery in West Germanic: German left dislocation and “survive”’ adopts SM in the analysis of German left dislocation in the absence of EPP-feature. Instead, Merge of the D-pronoun and the left-dislocated XP with C is triggered by the presence of a [+Ref] feature.

Kristin M. Eide’s ‘Tense, finiteness and the survive principle: Temporal chains in a crash-proof grammar’ describes temporal and referential chains as conceptually parallel and analyzes both with SM. Michael T. Putnam and M. Carmen Parafita Couto’s ‘When grammars collide: Code-switching in Survive-minimalism’ analyzes Spanish-German code-switching by optimality-theoretic constraints that filter the selection possibilities of determiners in the two grammars. John R. te Velde’s ‘Using the Survive principle for deriving coordinate (a)symmetries’ points out that Chomsky’s phase-based theory has problems analyzing coordinate structures: that is, lexical array is selected before Merge, which results in the failure of matching prior to Merge. Alternatively, Select as defined by SM introduces lexical items to algorithms that map particular features from the leading conjunct onto the next conjunct.

Part 3 ‘Covert and non-movement operations in Survive-minimalism’ explores how other non-movement observations receive a novel analysis in SM. Gregory M. Kobele’s ‘Syntactic identity in Survive-minimalism: Ellipsis and the derivational identity hypothesis’ examines how the derivational identity hypothesis works in tandem with SM. Winfried Lechner’s ‘Evidence for Survive from covert movement’ interprets the particular mechanism of SM as involving push-chains that trigger movement and resolve incompatibility at the semantic component. He investigates multiple covert movements and concludes that SM provides a better account of the ordering restrictions between different types of movements. Elly van Gelderen’s ‘Language change and survive: Feature economy in the numeration’ investigates how grammaticalization sheds lights on the reanalysis of features of lexical items. She concludes that contrary to the basic assumption of SM, uninterpretable features are necessary.

Reviewed by Anish Koshy, The EFL University, India

This book comprises eight chapters. In the introductory chapter, Gardner-Chloros gives a general background to the study of code-switching (CS) in terms of functional reasons attributed to their use, the sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic/cognitive, grammatical, and acquisitional perspectives which have guided research on CS. Ch. 2 examines the place of CS in language contact and its relation to borrowing, pidginization, convergence, divergence, accommodation, and language shift. The role of CS in contact-induced change, intergenerational factors, and stabilizing of CS varieties is also discussed.

In Ch. 3, the author explores social factors influencing CS, such as the prestige of the codes, the expression of identities, power relations and resistance to domination, speakers’ social networks, and the avoidance and management of conflicts between different roles. Three dimensions of sociolinguistic factors influencing CS are examined in Ch. 4: social-psychological influences (attitude, accommodation), conversational/ pragmatic motivations, and gender. The author explores the use of CS to exploit symbolic associations and through the structuring of discourse to show solidarity, deference, politeness, and bonding.

In Ch. 5, the role of grammar in CS is discussed. Topics explored include the theory of a matrix language, difficulties in studying CS if language is looked upon as a closed system, the idiolectal nature of CS, and the counter-balancing claims of socio-cultural norms and possible universal processing constraints. While exploring the psycholinguistics of CS in Ch. 6, insights on bilingual individuals are extended to cover CS, but the a priori assumption of separate languages and the artificiality of controlled experiments are critiqued. The role of emotional factors and the possibility of dual activation in bilingual minds are also explored.

In Ch. 7 insights on bilingual children’s critical period hypothesis are examined. Parallels are drawn between second language (L2) acquisition/learning and the ‘acquisition’ of CS, while noting that CS could also be employed by people whose grasp of the L2 is insecure. The author also notes that CS might represent uneven competence or conscious manipulation for pragmatic purposes. The concluding chapter summarizes the various positions taken in the book on CS, and acknowledges the problems that arise from laboratory investigations into CS and the lack of interdisciplinary approaches in the studies. The need to acknowledge the fuzzy nature of CS and future directions of CS research are also laid out.

The book includes an appendix discussing the Language Interaction Data Exchange System (LIDES) Project, especially the transcription techniques developed as part of it. A useful glossary is also provided.

The book succeeds in providing a balanced and comprehensive picture of the ongoing work in the field. By successfully counter-balancing a priori notions, particularly on the nature of the codes and the individuals involved, the author succeeds in opening up the field for more fruitful enquiries in the future. The author’s advocacy of interdisciplinary collaborations is also timely.