Emphasis, certainty, and interdiction: Adverbials in Gisida Anii

Abstract

This article presents novel fieldwork data describing the adverbials shɩ, cɔɔ, and caa in Anii, an understudied Ghana-Togo-Mountain language spoken in Togo and Benin. Shɩ and cɔɔ emphasize and mark the speaker’s certainty of aspectual reference, respectively, while caa serves to mark the speaker’s acknowledgement that the action or state denoted by the predicate is contrary to the listener’s wants.