English tag questions are not confusing, are they? : L1 transfer on L2 among Chinese ESL speakers

Abstract

Tag questions frequently occur in both everyday conversations and educational settings (Wei et al. 2023). Due to cross-linguistic differences, Chinese ESL learners often produce confusing responses to English tag questions under the influence of their first language (L1), even after living or studying in English-speaking environments for a lengthy period. Results from 66 participants show that extended time in the U.S. assists Chinese ESL learners in significantly reducing L1 transfer when answering English tag questions. However, analysis of the participants’ metalinguistic (self-)awareness reveals that the duration of stay does not markedly diminish the cognitive influence of L1 on L2.